In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
The Fibonacci numbers were first described in Indian mathematics, as early as 200 BC in work by Pingala on enumerating possible patterns of Sanskrit poetry formed from syllables of two lengths.
They are named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci, who introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics in his 1202 book Liber Abaci.
In nature the frequency of fibonacci or pingala is also described as phyllotaxis:
Phyllotaxic patterns are generated whenever a vascular plant repeatedly produces similar botanical elements at its tip (leaves, bractae, florets etc).
These patterns are surprisingly regular, so regular in fact that a physicist can compare their order to that of crystals. The observed organizations are classified in only two categories. In the first, formed of the distichous and spiral modes, the leaves appear one at a time along the stem. The striking peculiarity of this family is that it is directly related to the Fibonacci series and the golden mean. (S. Douady & Y. Couder. 1995)
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